Эль-Ниньо (от исп. El Niño — «малыш, мальчик») и Ла-Нинья (от исп. La Niña — «малышка, девочка») — это смена направления ветров и изменение средней температуры в Тихом океане, которые влияют на климат на всей планете. Когда средняя температура поверхности Тихого океана на экваторе резко повышается на 0,5°C и выше, приходит Эль-Ниньо, когда резко понижается на 3-5°C — Ла-Нинья. Название этому климатическому явлению дал доктор Луис Карранса, президент Географического общества Лимы, в 1891 году.

Эль-Ниньо и Ла-Нинья сменяют друг друга в среднем раз в 3–7 лет. Каждый период длится 9-12 месяцев, а между ними вода нагревается не больше, чем на 0,5°C — это нейтральная фаза.

Оба явления влияют на климат. Во время Эль-Ниньо по всей планете повышается средняя температура. Сейчас период Эль-Ниньо, он начался весной 2023 года, и климатологи считают, что именно это явление ответственно за аномальную жару в 2023 году. Сама фаза продлится как минимум до апреля 2024 года, а последствия явления будут влиять на климат ещё год. Поэтому 2024 год может стать жарче предыдущего.

Во время Ла-Ниньи погода тоже меняется и вызывает другие последствия. Например, явление, которое началось в сентябре 2020 года, спровоцировало ураганы в Атлантике, сильные ливни в Юго-Восточной Азии и Австралазии (Австралия, Новая Гвинея, Новая Зеландия и прилегающие острова Тихого океана).

Климатологи опасаются, что 2024–2027 годы станут самыми жаркими за весь период изучения, а это — 125 тысяч лет. Здесь мы рассказали, что учёные знают о погоде далёкого прошлого и как изучают климат древности.

","version":1,"serializedEditor":{"editorState":{"root":{"children":[{"children":[{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":1,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Эль-Ниньо","type":"customtext","version":1},{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":" (от исп. El Niño — «малыш, мальчик») и ","type":"customtext","version":1},{"detail":0,"format":1,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Ла-Нинья","type":"customtext","version":1},{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":" (от исп. La Niña — «малышка, девочка») — это смена направления ","type":"customtext","version":1},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"ветров","type":"customtext","version":1}],"direction":"ltr","format":"","indent":0,"type":"link","version":1,"rel":null,"target":null,"title":null,"url":"http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/enso/history/ln-2010-12/three-phases-of-ENSO.shtml"},{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":" и изменение средней температуры в Тихом океане, которые влияют на климат на всей планете. Когда средняя температура поверхности Тихого океана на экваторе резко ","type":"customtext","version":1},{"detail":0,"format":1,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"повышается на ","type":"customtext","version":1},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":1,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"0,5°C","type":"customtext","version":1}],"direction":"ltr","format":"","indent":0,"type":"link","version":1,"rel":null,"target":null,"title":null,"url":"https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/learn-about/weather/oceans/el-nino#:~:text=The%20conditions%20for%20declaring%20'La,in%20the%20tropical%20eastern%20Pacific."},{"detail":0,"format":1,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":" и выше","type":"customtext","version":1},{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":", приходит Эль-Ниньо, когда резко ","type":"customtext","version":1},{"detail":0,"format":1,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"понижается на ","type":"customtext","version":1},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":1,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"3-5°C","type":"customtext","version":1}],"direction":"ltr","format":"","indent":0,"type":"link","version":1,"rel":null,"target":null,"title":null,"url":"https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/learn-about/weather/oceans/el-nino#:~:text=The%20conditions%20for%20declaring%20'La,in%20the%20tropical%20eastern%20Pacific."},{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":" — Ла-Нинья. Название этому климатическому явлению ","type":"customtext","version":1},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"дал","type":"customtext","version":1}],"direction":"ltr","format":"","indent":0,"type":"link","version":1,"rel":null,"target":null,"title":null,"url":"http://faculty.washington.edu/kessler/occasionally-asked-questions.html#q2"},{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":" доктор Луис Карранса, президент Географического общества Лимы, в 1891 году.","type":"customtext","version":1}],"direction":"ltr","format":"","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1},{"children":[],"direction":"ltr","format":"","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Эль-Ниньо и Ла-Нинья сменяют друг друга в среднем раз в","type":"customtext","version":1},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":" 3–7 лет","type":"customtext","version":1}],"direction":"ltr","format":"","indent":0,"type":"link","version":1,"rel":null,"target":null,"title":null,"url":"https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/el-ni%C3%B1o-and-la-ni%C3%B1a-frequently-asked-questions"},{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":". Каждый период длится ","type":"customtext","version":1},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"9-12","type":"customtext","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"link","version":1,"rel":null,"target":null,"title":null,"url":"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/ninonina.html#:~:text=El%20Ni%C3%B1o%20and%20La%20Ni%C3%B1a%20can%20both%20have%20global%20impacts,occur%20on%20a%20regular%20schedule."},{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":" месяцев, а между ними вода нагревается не больше, чем на 0,5°C — это нейтральная фаза.","type":"customtext","version":1}],"direction":"ltr","format":"","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1},{"children":[],"direction":"ltr","format":"","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Оба явления ","type":"customtext","version":1},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"влияют","type":"customtext","version":1}],"direction":"ltr","format":"","indent":0,"type":"link","version":1,"rel":null,"target":null,"title":null,"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/jun/24/el-nino-how-the-weather-event-is-affecting-global-heating-in-2023"},{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":" на климат. Во время Эль-Ниньо по всей планете повышается средняя температура. Сейчас период Эль-Ниньо, он начался весной 2023 года, и климатологи ","type":"customtext","version":1},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"считают","type":"customtext","version":1}],"direction":"ltr","format":"","indent":0,"type":"link","version":1,"rel":null,"target":null,"title":null,"url":"https://meteoinfo.ru/novosti/99-pogoda-v-mire/19775-predvaritelnyj-doklad-vmo-o-sostoyanii-globalnogo-klimata-podtverzhdaet-chto-2023-god-stanet-samym-teplym-za-vsyu-istoriyu-nablyudenij"},{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":", что именно это явление ответственно за аномальную жару в 2023 году. Сама фаза продлится как минимум до ","type":"customtext","version":1},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"апреля 2024 года","type":"customtext","version":1}],"direction":"ltr","format":"","indent":0,"type":"link","version":1,"rel":null,"target":null,"title":null,"url":"https://wmo.int/media/news/el-nino-expected-last-least-until-april-2024"},{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":", а последствия явления ","type":"customtext","version":1},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"будут влиять","type":"customtext","version":1}],"direction":"ltr","format":"","indent":0,"type":"link","version":1,"rel":null,"target":null,"title":null,"url":"https://www.vedomosti.ru/ecology/climate/news/2023/11/09/1004908-ozhidaetsya-chto-el-nino-prodlitsya-kak-minimum-do-aprelya-2024-goda"},{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":" на климат ещё год. Поэтому 2024 год ","type":"customtext","version":1},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"может","type":"customtext","version":1}],"direction":"ltr","format":"","indent":0,"type":"link","version":1,"rel":null,"target":null,"title":null,"url":"https://ria.ru/20240109/rekord-1920254118.html"},{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":" стать жарче предыдущего.","type":"customtext","version":1}],"direction":"ltr","format":"","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1},{"children":[],"direction":"ltr","format":"","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Во время Ла-Ниньи погода тоже меняется и вызывает другие последствия. Например, явление, которое ","type":"customtext","version":1},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"началось","type":"customtext","version":1}],"direction":"ltr","format":"","indent":0,"type":"link","version":1,"rel":null,"target":null,"title":null,"url":"https://meteoinfo.ru/novosti/99-pogoda-v-mire/18616-v-tikhom-okeane-prodolzhaetsya-la-ninya#:~:text=%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B5%20%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%20%D0%9B%D0%B0%2D%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C,%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%202022%20%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%20%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%20%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C."},{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":" в сентябре 2020 года, спровоцировало ураганы в Атлантике, сильные ливни в Юго-Восточной Азии и Австралазии (Австралия, Новая Гвинея, Новая Зеландия и прилегающие острова Тихого океана).","type":"customtext","version":1}],"direction":"ltr","format":"","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1},{"children":[],"direction":"ltr","format":"","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1},{"type":"separator","style":"","version":2},{"children":[],"direction":"ltr","format":"","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Климатологи опасаются, что 2024","type":"customtext","version":1},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"–","type":"customtext","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"link","version":1,"rel":null,"target":null,"title":null,"url":"https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/el-ni%C3%B1o-and-la-ni%C3%B1a-frequently-asked-questions"},{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"2027 годы ","type":"customtext","version":1},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"станут","type":"customtext","version":1}],"direction":"ltr","format":"","indent":0,"type":"link","version":1,"rel":null,"target":null,"title":null,"url":"https://sberegaem-vmeste.ru/publications/stanet-li-god-samim-tyoplim-za-vsyu-istoriyu-nablyudenii"},{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":" самыми жаркими за весь период изучения, а это — 125 тысяч лет. ","type":"customtext","version":1},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Здесь","type":"customtext","version":1}],"direction":"ltr","format":"","indent":0,"type":"link","version":1,"rel":null,"target":null,"title":null,"url":"https://sberegaem-vmeste.ru/publications/paleoklimat-chto-uchyonie-znayut-o-pogode-proshlih-tisyacheletii"},{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":" мы рассказали, что учёные знают о ","type":"customtext","version":1},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"погоде","type":"customtext","version":1}],"direction":"ltr","format":"","indent":0,"type":"link","version":1,"rel":null,"target":null,"title":null,"url":"https://sberegaem-vmeste.ru/publications/pogoda-i-klimat-v-chyom-raznitsa"},{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":" далёкого прошлого и как изучают климат древности. ","type":"customtext","version":1}],"direction":"ltr","format":"","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"block","version":1,"tag":"div","style":""}],"direction":"ltr","format":"","indent":0,"type":"root","version":1}}}}

Что такое Эль-Ниньо и Ла-Нинья

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